DOE Reaches 50% Milestone Toward Commercial Zero-Energy Buildings
Craig DiLouie, Editor
Posted November 17, 2008
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) have released the first technical support documents to show 50 percent energy savings in commercial retail buildings. The two reports provide recommendations on how to achieve 50% energy savings over the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 90.1-2004 in grocery stores and medium-sized retail buildings.
Conducted by NREL's Commercial Buildings team, under the direction of DOE's Building Technologies Program, the studies support DOE's goal of producing market-ready, net-zero energy commercial buildings by 2025. They follow the August 2008 launch of DOE's Net-Zero Energy Commercial Building Initiative (the umbrella initiative of the net-zero energy goal) and the National Laboratory Collaborative on Building Technologies, which focuses scientific expertise and resources of five national laboratories toward reaching the goal. NREL is one of the laboratories in the collaborative.
The reports found that achieving 50% energy savings is possible for medium-sized retail buildings with plug load levels no greater than 1.76 W/sq. ft. (18.9 W/sq. m.) and for grocery stores in each climate zone in the United States. According to the reports, reaching 50% is a positive return on investment at today's energy prices and can be met without photovoltaic electricity generation.
DOE commissions technical support documents to describe the assumptions, methodologies, and analyses used to achieve certain levels of energy performance. In many cases, the documents are the basis for Advanced Energy Design Guides (AEDGs) — "how to" guides that show how to achieve above-code exemplary energy performance for buildings. AEDGs target architects, engineers, and other design practitioners and demonstrate that a pathway to energy savings exists today with available technology.
* The ASHRAE AEDGs are developed by ASHRAE, DOE, the American Institute of Architects, the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, and the U.S. Green Building Council. To date, four AEDGs have been published and all have targeted 30 percent energy savings: * The ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings—Office Buildings up to 20,000 sq.ft. * The ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Retail Buildings—Retail Spaces up to 20,000 sq.ft. * The ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings—Elementary, Middle, and High School Buildings* The ASHRAE 30 percent Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Warehouses and Self-Storage Buildings—Warehouses up to 50,000 ft.2 and self-storage buildings that use unitary heating and air-conditioning.
In addition to the ASHRAE design guides, the results of these studies will be shared with DOE's Retailer Energy Alliance, an alliance of leading retailers dedicated to reducing the energy use and environmental footprint of retail buildings.
Monday, November 24, 2008
Tuesday, November 4, 2008
Energy management, energy conservation, saving elctricity
Johannesburg - A change at the helm of the ministry that controls South Africa's state utility Eskom may delay projects to expand electricity generation in a country gripped by a power crisis that will take years to resolve.
New President Kgalema Motlanthe surprised analysts by naming former justice minister Brigitte Mabandla to the public enterprise department, which runs Eskom.
The utility has since January this year battled to keep the lights on in South Africa after a near-collapse of its grid.
The rolling power cuts affected aluminium smelters and shut gold and platinum mines, sending metal prices soaring, and by some estimates cost Africa's biggest economy R50bn by August, slowing fast-paced economic growth.
The government offered a mea culpa, saying it ignored warnings from experts to invest in new power generation. The power crisis could last until 2013, but South Africa has said plans to host the 2010 Soccer World Cup should be unaffected.
Analysts said Mabandla would have to get to grips with plans to build a slew of new power stations and help Eskom raise cash internationally, right in the middle of a global credit squeeze.
Her term will last seven months before scheduled general elections, and there is little time for meaningful changes, and worse still if a new minister is named after the polls, as it may disrupt plans to handle the power crisis.
"I don't think we needed this kind of changes at this stage. It will take her seven months just to settle," said Johan de Kock, head of research at Metropolitan Asset Managers.
"I expect a delay of a couple of months if not more on various decisions on contracts for expansions," he said.
Nuclear plant
One of the key tasks for Mabandla this year would be the approval of huge deals to expand power generation, including a new nuclear plant, which could be worth billions of dollars.
The market is watching to see how soon or if at all Mabandla will give her approval to plans to build the country's second nuclear power plant. France's Areva and US-based Westinghouse Electric have bid for the contract.
Areva has said it expected a decision last week, but added Mbeki's exit could have pushed back the timing.
"She has to walk in completely cold," Johan Botha, a senior economist at Standard bank said.
"She won't put hand to paper to approve the big contracts like the nuclear one before she has been fully briefed."
Mabandla was unavailable to comment. She has not publicly spoken of her plans since she was sworn in on Friday.
South Africa's National Treasury, which has already fast-tracked R60bn over the next three years to pay for Eskom's 343 billion rand, 5-year expansion.
Eskom has said it plans to get the extra cash from the government, tariffs, the World Bank and global capital markets, and that a ratings downgrade by Moody's may hurt its chances.
Fani Zulu, Eskom's spokesperson, said Moody's downgrade of Eskom would lessen the amount it can raise from capital markets, but a roadshow in Europe showed there was still some appetite.
The new minister is expected to be briefed on Eskom soon.
Rock the boat
"She has to face foreign investors, and play the PR (public relations) role for Eskom in attracting funds to the sector," Nicky Weimar, a senior economist at Nedbank said.
"The more she knows about the sector the better."
Analysts said there were plans for further Eskom changes, and the minister may open the door for rivals to Eskom.
"There is some market talk of plans to move Eskom to the Treasury, which understands funding issues, or house it under the Department of Minerals and Energy," Botha said.
Weimar said despite her short time in office, Mabandla may take a fresh look at Eskom's status as a monopoly.
"The minister drives policy," Weimar said. "She could review public enterprises policy on generation or distribution, and end its role as a monopoly."
Global Insight's senior economist Ronel Oberholzer said moving Eskom elsewhere or changing the country's energy policy would require rigorous debate. She said what most investors wanted was a quicker end to the power shortage crisis.
"I can't see her trying to stir things up, she may try to play it safe," Oberholzer said.
New President Kgalema Motlanthe surprised analysts by naming former justice minister Brigitte Mabandla to the public enterprise department, which runs Eskom.
The utility has since January this year battled to keep the lights on in South Africa after a near-collapse of its grid.
The rolling power cuts affected aluminium smelters and shut gold and platinum mines, sending metal prices soaring, and by some estimates cost Africa's biggest economy R50bn by August, slowing fast-paced economic growth.
The government offered a mea culpa, saying it ignored warnings from experts to invest in new power generation. The power crisis could last until 2013, but South Africa has said plans to host the 2010 Soccer World Cup should be unaffected.
Analysts said Mabandla would have to get to grips with plans to build a slew of new power stations and help Eskom raise cash internationally, right in the middle of a global credit squeeze.
Her term will last seven months before scheduled general elections, and there is little time for meaningful changes, and worse still if a new minister is named after the polls, as it may disrupt plans to handle the power crisis.
"I don't think we needed this kind of changes at this stage. It will take her seven months just to settle," said Johan de Kock, head of research at Metropolitan Asset Managers.
"I expect a delay of a couple of months if not more on various decisions on contracts for expansions," he said.
Nuclear plant
One of the key tasks for Mabandla this year would be the approval of huge deals to expand power generation, including a new nuclear plant, which could be worth billions of dollars.
The market is watching to see how soon or if at all Mabandla will give her approval to plans to build the country's second nuclear power plant. France's Areva and US-based Westinghouse Electric have bid for the contract.
Areva has said it expected a decision last week, but added Mbeki's exit could have pushed back the timing.
"She has to walk in completely cold," Johan Botha, a senior economist at Standard bank said.
"She won't put hand to paper to approve the big contracts like the nuclear one before she has been fully briefed."
Mabandla was unavailable to comment. She has not publicly spoken of her plans since she was sworn in on Friday.
South Africa's National Treasury, which has already fast-tracked R60bn over the next three years to pay for Eskom's 343 billion rand, 5-year expansion.
Eskom has said it plans to get the extra cash from the government, tariffs, the World Bank and global capital markets, and that a ratings downgrade by Moody's may hurt its chances.
Fani Zulu, Eskom's spokesperson, said Moody's downgrade of Eskom would lessen the amount it can raise from capital markets, but a roadshow in Europe showed there was still some appetite.
The new minister is expected to be briefed on Eskom soon.
Rock the boat
"She has to face foreign investors, and play the PR (public relations) role for Eskom in attracting funds to the sector," Nicky Weimar, a senior economist at Nedbank said.
"The more she knows about the sector the better."
Analysts said there were plans for further Eskom changes, and the minister may open the door for rivals to Eskom.
"There is some market talk of plans to move Eskom to the Treasury, which understands funding issues, or house it under the Department of Minerals and Energy," Botha said.
Weimar said despite her short time in office, Mabandla may take a fresh look at Eskom's status as a monopoly.
"The minister drives policy," Weimar said. "She could review public enterprises policy on generation or distribution, and end its role as a monopoly."
Global Insight's senior economist Ronel Oberholzer said moving Eskom elsewhere or changing the country's energy policy would require rigorous debate. She said what most investors wanted was a quicker end to the power shortage crisis.
"I can't see her trying to stir things up, she may try to play it safe," Oberholzer said.
Friday, October 24, 2008
Energy management and carbon credits
Cape Town - Millions of rands' worth of prepaid electricity units have been sold illegally, according to a written Parliamentary answer circulated on Wednesday.
Democratic Alliance MP Manie van Dyk asked the Minister for Public Enterprises how many electricity credit-dispensing machines there are and how many have been stolen, and what the loss to Eskom was.
The minister, who was Alec Erwin until last Thursday, but is now Brigitte Mabandla, replied that there were 1 800 of the credit-dispensing units (CDUs) and 52 have been stolen in the past three years. Eleven of those have been recovered.
"From the recovered CDUs, some indicate that millions of rands of pre- paid electricity units have been sold," the minister said, adding that it is not possible to quantify the full monetary loss.
The minister explained that the units were designed to operate independently because remote data communications were not available 20 years ago when Eskom started vending.
Safety features
"Although safety features were built in over time, illegal manipulation of stolen CDUs can result in ongoing vending until the equipment physically fails," Van Dyk was told.
"Eskom has moved to a much more secure online vending system, and is busy closing most offline CDUs, thus removing any future risk of misuse and financial losses."
The minister said that forensic investigations conducted in the past have linked some Eskom staff to this theft, with resultant disciplinary measures taken against the employees in question.
Democratic Alliance MP Manie van Dyk asked the Minister for Public Enterprises how many electricity credit-dispensing machines there are and how many have been stolen, and what the loss to Eskom was.
The minister, who was Alec Erwin until last Thursday, but is now Brigitte Mabandla, replied that there were 1 800 of the credit-dispensing units (CDUs) and 52 have been stolen in the past three years. Eleven of those have been recovered.
"From the recovered CDUs, some indicate that millions of rands of pre- paid electricity units have been sold," the minister said, adding that it is not possible to quantify the full monetary loss.
The minister explained that the units were designed to operate independently because remote data communications were not available 20 years ago when Eskom started vending.
Safety features
"Although safety features were built in over time, illegal manipulation of stolen CDUs can result in ongoing vending until the equipment physically fails," Van Dyk was told.
"Eskom has moved to a much more secure online vending system, and is busy closing most offline CDUs, thus removing any future risk of misuse and financial losses."
The minister said that forensic investigations conducted in the past have linked some Eskom staff to this theft, with resultant disciplinary measures taken against the employees in question.
Wednesday, October 15, 2008
Building Automation and Lighting Control
Posted October 2008
See this whitepaper published in the fall issue of Lighting Management & Maintenance Magazine, published by NALMCO.
Demand is the sum of all electric power required to run a building’s equipment currently in operation. As equipment is turned on and off, demand rises and falls. Peak demand is the highest level of demand recorded by a demand meter during a given time period. This is the most expensive power the utility has to produce, as the utility must build sufficient capacity to satisfy these short periods or buy the power needed from other sources at market rates. Many utilities pass these costs on to their customers as a demand (kW) charge added to charges for energy consumption (kWh). According to ConsumerPowerline, in fact, demand charges can represent 40% of electric utility costs.
Utilities would rather have their customers reduce their demand peaks instead of their entire load profiles, so many utilities, Independent System Operators (ISOs) and other power providers offer incentives to curtail non-critical loads either at scheduled times or on request during a grid emergency. CAISO (California), ERCOT (Texas), PJM (Northeast), NYISO (New York) and ISONE (New England) are examples of organizations offering demand response programs. These demand response programs give utilities an alternative to building more power plants or buying expensive power from supplemental sources.
Even without tapping into such a program, building owners can reduce costs by shaving their peaks using a strategy called load shedding, either on a schedule or in response to price signals.
Lighting provides good opportunities for load shedding because it usually occurs when daylight is available and is available for year-round demand reduction. Assuming the building’s hours of operation will not change, building owners have two options to reduce peak demand with lighting.
First, they can shut off non-critical lighting loads either manually (through master switches accessible to the facility operator) or automatically (through a scheduling system such as an intelligent relay panel), and either by space or using some type of bi-level switching scheme. Second, they modify their lighting to be step-switching or dimmable with a central point of control.
Because people need light to work, dimming is preferable to ON/OFF switching in areas lacking daylight. Generally, dimming is also preferable to step-level switching (or ON/OFF switching with daylight available) in occupied spaces in which the occupants perform stationary or critical tasks, such as offices, where changes in light output should be unnoticeable to a high degree. In addition, dimming is more suitable when light fixtures are in the normal field of view and/or lamps are visible to occupants.
See this whitepaper published in the fall issue of Lighting Management & Maintenance Magazine, published by NALMCO.
Demand is the sum of all electric power required to run a building’s equipment currently in operation. As equipment is turned on and off, demand rises and falls. Peak demand is the highest level of demand recorded by a demand meter during a given time period. This is the most expensive power the utility has to produce, as the utility must build sufficient capacity to satisfy these short periods or buy the power needed from other sources at market rates. Many utilities pass these costs on to their customers as a demand (kW) charge added to charges for energy consumption (kWh). According to ConsumerPowerline, in fact, demand charges can represent 40% of electric utility costs.
Utilities would rather have their customers reduce their demand peaks instead of their entire load profiles, so many utilities, Independent System Operators (ISOs) and other power providers offer incentives to curtail non-critical loads either at scheduled times or on request during a grid emergency. CAISO (California), ERCOT (Texas), PJM (Northeast), NYISO (New York) and ISONE (New England) are examples of organizations offering demand response programs. These demand response programs give utilities an alternative to building more power plants or buying expensive power from supplemental sources.
Even without tapping into such a program, building owners can reduce costs by shaving their peaks using a strategy called load shedding, either on a schedule or in response to price signals.
Lighting provides good opportunities for load shedding because it usually occurs when daylight is available and is available for year-round demand reduction. Assuming the building’s hours of operation will not change, building owners have two options to reduce peak demand with lighting.
First, they can shut off non-critical lighting loads either manually (through master switches accessible to the facility operator) or automatically (through a scheduling system such as an intelligent relay panel), and either by space or using some type of bi-level switching scheme. Second, they modify their lighting to be step-switching or dimmable with a central point of control.
Because people need light to work, dimming is preferable to ON/OFF switching in areas lacking daylight. Generally, dimming is also preferable to step-level switching (or ON/OFF switching with daylight available) in occupied spaces in which the occupants perform stationary or critical tasks, such as offices, where changes in light output should be unnoticeable to a high degree. In addition, dimming is more suitable when light fixtures are in the normal field of view and/or lamps are visible to occupants.
Monday, October 6, 2008
Energy management and carbon credits
How does a compact fluorescent light bulb work?
> What's the difference between a compact fluorescent light bulb and a fluorescent bulb?
> What compact fluorescent light bulb do I buy to replace an incandescent (regular) bulb?
> Can I use a compact fluorescent light bulb with a dimmer switch?
> Can I use a compact fluorescent light bulb on my 3-way lamp?
> Why does my compact fluorescent light bulb flicker or appear dim when I first turn it on?
> Can I use a CFL in applications where I will be turning the lights on/off frequently?
> Can I use a compact fluorescent light bulb in an enclosed light fixture?
> Can I use a Can I use a CFL bulb outside?
> Can I use a CFL in any position?
> Can I use a CFL in applications involving vibration such as a ceiling fan or garage door opener?
> Can compact fluorescent bulbs create interference with electronic equipment, such as radios?
> Can I use a compact fluorescent light bulb with an electronic timer or photocell (AKA electric eye)?
> Does the EPA recommend the use of CFL bulbs?
> Is it true that CFLs contain mercury? Why and how much?
> Should I be concerned about using CFLs in my home or should I take any special precautions?
> What do I do with a CFL when it burns out? What is the proper disposal of a CFL bulb?
> What should I do if a CFL breaks?
> What is mercury, what are the sources of mercury emissions, and what are the risks?
> Do light bulbs (such as compact fluorescent bulbs) give off hazardous amounts of ultraviolet (UV) light?
> How much heat (or infrared radiation) is emitted by regular and compact fluorescent light bulbs?
> What is the white powder I see inside my fluorescent bulb?
How does a compact fluorescent light bulb work?Fluorescent light bulbs (including compact fluorescents) are more energy-efficient than regular bulbs because of the different method they use to produce light. Regular bulbs (also known as incandescent bulbs) create light by heating a filament inside the bulb; the heat makes the filament white-hot, producing the light that you see. A lot of the energy used to create the heat that lights an incandescent bulb is wasted. A fluorescent bulb, on the other hand, contains a gas that produces invisible ultraviolet light (UV) when the gas is excited by electricity. The UV light hits the white coating inside the fluorescent bulb and the coating changes it into light you can see. Because fluorescent bulbs don't use heat to create light, they are far more energy-efficient than regular incandescent bulbs.
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What's the difference between a compact fluorescent light bulb and a fluorescent bulb?The primary difference is in size; compact fluorescent bulbs are made in special shapes (which require special technologies) to fit in standard household light sockets, like table lamps and ceiling fixtures. In addition, most compact fluorescent lamps have an "integral" ballast that is built into the light bulb, whereas most fluorescent tubes require a separate ballast independent of the bulb. Both types offer energy-efficient light.
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What compact fluorescent light bulb do I buy to replace an incandescent (regular) bulb?While a regular (incandescent) light bulb uses heat to produce light, a fluorescent bulb creates light using an entirely different method that is far more energy-efficient — in fact, 4-6 times more efficient. This means that you can buy a 15-watt compact fluorescent bulb that produces the same amount of light as a 60-watt regular incandescent bulb.
Don't worry about the math, though — we make it easy for you to figure out which compact fluorescent bulb to buy by displaying the equivalent regular watts you're used to prominently on the package. Just look for the wattage you would normally buy in a regular bulb.
In case you're curious, here are the watts needed by regular incandescent bulbs and compact fluorescent bulbs to produce the same amount of light.
Standard Bulb
CFL Bulb
60w
=
13w-15w
75w
=
20w
100w
=
26w-29w
150w
=
38w-42w
Because the wattage of a CFL bulb is much lower than that of an incandescent, you can use higher wattage CFL giving you the equivalent light of a higher wattage incandescent. For example: If your fixture says not to exceed 60 watts, you can use a 15 watt CFL to get the same amount of light as an incandescent bulb or use up to a 42 watt CFL and increase the amount of light.
Related information: How does a compact fluorescent light bulb work?
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Can I use a compact fluorescent light bulb with a dimmer switch?To use a compact fluorescent bulb on a dimmer switch, you must buy a bulb that's specifically made to work with dimmers (check the package). GE makes a dimming compact fluorescent light bulb (called the Energy Smart Dimming Spirals®) that is specially designed for use with dimming switches. We don't recommend using regular compact fluorescent bulbs with dimming switches, since this can shorten bulb life. (Using a regular compact fluorescent bulb with a dimmer will also nullify the bulb's warranty.)
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Can I use a compact fluorescent light bulb on my 3-way lamp?GE does make CFL bulbs for use in 3-way lamps. Check the package for this application. If a regular CFL is use in a 3-way switch, it will work on the middle (medium) setting and it should not damage the bulb. The 3-way switch does not alter the performance of the bulb.
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Why does my compact fluorescent light bulb flicker or appear dim when I first turn it on?The first compact fluorescent bulbs flickered when they were turned on because it took a few seconds for the ballast to produce enough electricity to excite the gas inside the bulb. Thanks to the refined technology in our new GE compact fluorescent bulbs, there is now no significant flicker (less than 1 second). However, these bulbs do require a short warm-up period before they reach full brightness, which is why they may appear dim when first turned on. Compact fluorescent bulbs are best used in fixtures that are left on for longer periods of time, rather than in fixtures that are turned off and on frequently.
Related information: How does a compact fluorescent light bulb work?
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Can I use a CFL in applications where I will be turning the lights on/off frequently?Compact fluorescent light bulbs work best if they are left on for over 15 minutes each time they are turned on. These types of lamps can take up to 3 minutes to warm-up. Warm-up will probably not be noticeable from a user stand point, but the lamp needs to warm-up in order to reach the point of most efficient operation. Frequently switching them on and off will shorten the life of the product. If the life of the lamp is shortened significantly, you will not reap the financial benefits (includes energy & life of lamp), that are common to CFL lamps.
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Can I use a compact fluorescent light bulb in an enclosed light fixture?Compact fluorescent light bulbs may generally be used in enclosed fixtures as long as the enclosed fixture is not recessed. Totally enclosed recessed fixtures (for example, a ceiling can light with a cover over the bulb) create temperatures that are too high to allow the use of a compact fluorescent bulb.
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Can I use a CFL bulb outside?Many CFL bulbs can be used outdoors if used in an enclosed fixture. To be certain, look for the package or bulb to say that it can be used outdoors and verify the lowest operating temperature for the area where the product is being used.
Related information: My outdoor light has a timer. Can I use a CFL bulb?
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Can I use a CFL in any position?Yes, GE screwbase CFL bulbs can be used in any operating position unless there is text printed on the lamp or packaging that indicates a required operating position.
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Can I use a CFL in applications involving vibration such as a ceiling fan or garage door opener?Generally it is not recommended to use CFLs in vibrating environments. Vibration can cause the electronics in the CFL to fail. There is one CFL bulb (FLE11) that is available for use in a ceiling fan. Check the package for this application.
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Can compact fluorescent bulbs create interference with electronic equipment, such as radios?Many electronic devices, such as radios, televisions, wireless telephones, and remote controls, use infrared light to transmit signals. Infrequently, these types of electronic devices accidentally interpret the infrared light coming from a compact fluorescent bulb as a signal, causing the electronic device to temporarily malfunction or stop working. (For example, your television might suddenly change channels.) Fortunately, this only happens when light is produced at the same wavelength as the electronic device signals, which is rare.
To reduce the chance of interference, avoid placing compact fluorescent bulbs near these kinds of electronic devices. If interference occurs, move the bulb away from the electronic device, or plug either the light fixture or the electronic device into a different outlet.
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Can I use a compact fluorescent light bulb with an electronic timer or photocell (AKA electric eye)?Some electronic timers and photocells contain parts that are incompatible with compact fluorescent light bulbs; using these bulbs in incompatible products will result in a shorter light bulb life. To find out if an electronic timer or photocell is compatible with compact fluorescent bulbs, check with the manufacturer of the timer or photocell.
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Does the EPA recommend the use of CFL bulbs?Yes. CFLs, when compared with standard incandescent bulbs, offer many benefits. First, they help save energy and money. They use 2/3 less energy than standard incandescent light bulbs, and last up to 10 times longer. Replacing a 60-watt incandescent with a 13-watt CFL can save you at least $30 in energy costs over the life of the bulb. Second, CFLs offer convenience, because they last longer, and come in different sizes and shapes to fit almost any fixture. In addition, CFLs produce about 70% less heat than standard incandescent bulbs, so they're safer to operate and can help cut energy costs associated with home cooling. When shopping, always look for ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs.
Download the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) faq sheet on CFLs. (PDF, 70 KB)
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Is it true that CFLs contain mercury? Why and how much?CFLs contain a very small amount of mercury sealed within the glass tubing - an average of 5 milligrams (roughly equivalent to the tip of a ball-point pen). Mercury is an essential, irreplaceable element in CFLs and is what allows the bulb to be an efficient light source. By comparison, older home thermometers contain 500 milligrams of mercury and many manual thermostats contain up to 3000 milligrams. It would take between 100 and 600 CFLs to equal those amounts.
There is currently no substitute for mercury in CFLs; however, manufacturers have taken significant steps to reduce mercury used in their fluorescent lighting products over the past decade.
Download the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) fact sheet on Mercury in CFLs. (PDF, 17 KB)
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Should I be concerned about using CFLs in my home or should I take any special precautions?CFLs are safe to use in your home. No mercury is released when the bulbs are in use and they pose no danger to you or your family when used properly. However, CFLs are made of glass tubing and can break if dropped or roughly handled. Be careful when removing the lamp from its packaging, installing it, or replacing it. Always screw and unscrew the lamp by its base, and never forcefully twist the CFL into a light socket by its tubes. Used CFLs should be disposed of properly, learn how to properly dispose.
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What do I do with a CFL when it burns out? What is the proper disposal of a CFL bulb?Follow these guidelines to dispose your CFL properly:
Like paint, batteries, thermostats, and other hazardous household items, CFLs should be disposed of properly. Do not throw CFLs away in your household garbage if better disposal options exist. To find out what to do first check www.earth911.org (where you can find disposal options by using your zip code) or call 1-877-EARTH911 for local disposal options. Another option is to check directly with your local waste management agency for recycling options and disposal guidelines in your community. Additional information is available at www.lamprecycle.org. Finally, IKEA stores take back used CFLs, and other retailers are currently exploring take back programs.
If your local waste management agency offers no other disposal options except your household garbage, place the CFL in a plastic bag and seal it before putting it in the trash. If your waste agency incinerates its garbage, you should search a wider geographic area for proper disposal options. Never send a CFL or other mercury containing product to an incinerator.
ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs have a two-year warranty. If the bulb fails within the warranty period, return it to your retailer.
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What should I do if a CFL breaks?Because there is such a small amount of mercury in CFLs, your greatest risk if a bulb breaks is getting cut from glass shards. Research indicates that there is no immediate health risk to you or your family should a bulb break and it's cleaned up properly. You can minimize any risks by following these proper clean-up and disposal guidelines:
Sweep up—don't vacuum—all of the glass fragments and fine particles.
Place broken pieces in a sealed plastic bag and wipe the area with a damp paper towel to pick up any stray shards of glass or fine particles. Put the used towel in the plastic bag as well.
If weather permits, open windows to allow the room to ventilate.
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What is mercury, what are the sources of mercury emissions, and what are the risks?Mercury is an element (Hg on the periodic table) found naturally in the environment. Mercury emissions in the air can come from both natural and man-made sources. Utility power plants (mainly coal-fired) are the primary man-made source, as mercury that naturally exists in coal is released into the air when coal is burned to make electricity. Coal-fired power generation accounts for roughly 40% of the mercury emissions in the U.S. EPA is implementing policies to reduce airborne mercury emissions. Under regulations issued in 2005, coal-fired power plants will need to reduce their emissions by 70 percent by 2018.
CFLs present an opportunity to prevent mercury emissions from entering the environment because they help to reduce emissions from coal-fired power plants. A coal-fired power plant will emit 13.6 milligrams of mercury to produce electricity required to use an incandescent light bulb, compared to 3.3 milligrams for a CFL.
Even in areas without significant coal-fired power generation as part of the electricity mix (e.g., Alaska and the Pacific Northwest), there are other, equally positive environmental impacts from saving energy through the use of CFLs: reduction of nitrogen oxides (which cause smog), and prevention of substantial quantities of CO2, a greenhouse gas (which is linked to global warming), as well as other air pollutants.
Airborne mercury poses a very low risk of exposure. However, when mercury emissions deposit into lakes and oceans, they can transform into methyl mercury that builds up in fish. Fish consumption is the most common pathway for human exposure to mercury. Pregnant women and young children are most vulnerable to the effects of this type of mercury exposure. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) estimates that most people are not exposed to harmful levels of mercury through fish consumption. However, the FDA and state agencies do issue public health advisories.
EPA offers additional information and resources on all sources of mercury at www.epa.gov/mercury.
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Do light bulbs (such as compact fluorescent bulbs) give off hazardous amounts of ultraviolet (UV) light?Regular fluorescent light bulbs used in your home and office do not produce a hazardous amount of ultraviolet light (UV). Most light sources, including fluorescent bulbs, emit a small amount of UV, but the UV produced by fluorescent light bulbs is far less than the amount produced by natural daylight. (Ultraviolet light rays are the light wavelengths that can cause sunburn and skin damage.)
Your safety is important to us; that's why, for all of our light bulbs designed for general public use, we strive to minimize the amount of UV light emitted.
If you're looking for a low-UV bulb for an especially sensitive area (like a photography dark room), try our Saf-T-Gard® bulbs. They block most ultraviolet light emissions, and they're also shatter-resistant.
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How much heat (or infrared radiation) is emitted by regular, halogen, and compact fluorescent light bulbs?Regular light bulbs, known as incandescent bulbs, create light by heating a filament inside the bulb; the heat makes the filament white-hot, producing the light that you see. Halogen light bulbs create light through the same method. Because incandescent and halogen bulbs create light through heat, about 90% of the energy they emit is in the form of heat (also called infrared radiation). To reduce the heat emitted by regular incandescent and halogen light bulbs, use a lower watt bulb (like 60 watts instead of 100).
Fluorescent light bulbs use an entirely different method to create light. Both compact fluorescent bulbs and fluorescent tubes contain a gas that, when excited by electricity, hits a coating inside the fluorescent bulb and emits light. (This makes them far more energy-efficient than regular incandescent bulbs.) The fluorescent bulbs used in your home emit only around 30% of the heat of their equivalent incandescent bulb, making them far cooler.
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What is the white powder I see inside my fluorescent bulb?The white powder that you see inside a fluorescent lamp is called phosphor, which is a substance that emits white, visible light whenever it absorbs light waves. Both compact fluorescent bulbs and fluorescent tubes contain a gas that gives off invisible light when excited by electricity. This invisible light travels to the phosphor coating on the bulb, where it is transformed into light visible to the human eye.
> What's the difference between a compact fluorescent light bulb and a fluorescent bulb?
> What compact fluorescent light bulb do I buy to replace an incandescent (regular) bulb?
> Can I use a compact fluorescent light bulb with a dimmer switch?
> Can I use a compact fluorescent light bulb on my 3-way lamp?
> Why does my compact fluorescent light bulb flicker or appear dim when I first turn it on?
> Can I use a CFL in applications where I will be turning the lights on/off frequently?
> Can I use a compact fluorescent light bulb in an enclosed light fixture?
> Can I use a Can I use a CFL bulb outside?
> Can I use a CFL in any position?
> Can I use a CFL in applications involving vibration such as a ceiling fan or garage door opener?
> Can compact fluorescent bulbs create interference with electronic equipment, such as radios?
> Can I use a compact fluorescent light bulb with an electronic timer or photocell (AKA electric eye)?
> Does the EPA recommend the use of CFL bulbs?
> Is it true that CFLs contain mercury? Why and how much?
> Should I be concerned about using CFLs in my home or should I take any special precautions?
> What do I do with a CFL when it burns out? What is the proper disposal of a CFL bulb?
> What should I do if a CFL breaks?
> What is mercury, what are the sources of mercury emissions, and what are the risks?
> Do light bulbs (such as compact fluorescent bulbs) give off hazardous amounts of ultraviolet (UV) light?
> How much heat (or infrared radiation) is emitted by regular and compact fluorescent light bulbs?
> What is the white powder I see inside my fluorescent bulb?
How does a compact fluorescent light bulb work?Fluorescent light bulbs (including compact fluorescents) are more energy-efficient than regular bulbs because of the different method they use to produce light. Regular bulbs (also known as incandescent bulbs) create light by heating a filament inside the bulb; the heat makes the filament white-hot, producing the light that you see. A lot of the energy used to create the heat that lights an incandescent bulb is wasted. A fluorescent bulb, on the other hand, contains a gas that produces invisible ultraviolet light (UV) when the gas is excited by electricity. The UV light hits the white coating inside the fluorescent bulb and the coating changes it into light you can see. Because fluorescent bulbs don't use heat to create light, they are far more energy-efficient than regular incandescent bulbs.
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What's the difference between a compact fluorescent light bulb and a fluorescent bulb?The primary difference is in size; compact fluorescent bulbs are made in special shapes (which require special technologies) to fit in standard household light sockets, like table lamps and ceiling fixtures. In addition, most compact fluorescent lamps have an "integral" ballast that is built into the light bulb, whereas most fluorescent tubes require a separate ballast independent of the bulb. Both types offer energy-efficient light.
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What compact fluorescent light bulb do I buy to replace an incandescent (regular) bulb?While a regular (incandescent) light bulb uses heat to produce light, a fluorescent bulb creates light using an entirely different method that is far more energy-efficient — in fact, 4-6 times more efficient. This means that you can buy a 15-watt compact fluorescent bulb that produces the same amount of light as a 60-watt regular incandescent bulb.
Don't worry about the math, though — we make it easy for you to figure out which compact fluorescent bulb to buy by displaying the equivalent regular watts you're used to prominently on the package. Just look for the wattage you would normally buy in a regular bulb.
In case you're curious, here are the watts needed by regular incandescent bulbs and compact fluorescent bulbs to produce the same amount of light.
Standard Bulb
CFL Bulb
60w
=
13w-15w
75w
=
20w
100w
=
26w-29w
150w
=
38w-42w
Because the wattage of a CFL bulb is much lower than that of an incandescent, you can use higher wattage CFL giving you the equivalent light of a higher wattage incandescent. For example: If your fixture says not to exceed 60 watts, you can use a 15 watt CFL to get the same amount of light as an incandescent bulb or use up to a 42 watt CFL and increase the amount of light.
Related information: How does a compact fluorescent light bulb work?
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Can I use a compact fluorescent light bulb with a dimmer switch?To use a compact fluorescent bulb on a dimmer switch, you must buy a bulb that's specifically made to work with dimmers (check the package). GE makes a dimming compact fluorescent light bulb (called the Energy Smart Dimming Spirals®) that is specially designed for use with dimming switches. We don't recommend using regular compact fluorescent bulbs with dimming switches, since this can shorten bulb life. (Using a regular compact fluorescent bulb with a dimmer will also nullify the bulb's warranty.)
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Can I use a compact fluorescent light bulb on my 3-way lamp?GE does make CFL bulbs for use in 3-way lamps. Check the package for this application. If a regular CFL is use in a 3-way switch, it will work on the middle (medium) setting and it should not damage the bulb. The 3-way switch does not alter the performance of the bulb.
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Why does my compact fluorescent light bulb flicker or appear dim when I first turn it on?The first compact fluorescent bulbs flickered when they were turned on because it took a few seconds for the ballast to produce enough electricity to excite the gas inside the bulb. Thanks to the refined technology in our new GE compact fluorescent bulbs, there is now no significant flicker (less than 1 second). However, these bulbs do require a short warm-up period before they reach full brightness, which is why they may appear dim when first turned on. Compact fluorescent bulbs are best used in fixtures that are left on for longer periods of time, rather than in fixtures that are turned off and on frequently.
Related information: How does a compact fluorescent light bulb work?
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Can I use a CFL in applications where I will be turning the lights on/off frequently?Compact fluorescent light bulbs work best if they are left on for over 15 minutes each time they are turned on. These types of lamps can take up to 3 minutes to warm-up. Warm-up will probably not be noticeable from a user stand point, but the lamp needs to warm-up in order to reach the point of most efficient operation. Frequently switching them on and off will shorten the life of the product. If the life of the lamp is shortened significantly, you will not reap the financial benefits (includes energy & life of lamp), that are common to CFL lamps.
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Can I use a compact fluorescent light bulb in an enclosed light fixture?Compact fluorescent light bulbs may generally be used in enclosed fixtures as long as the enclosed fixture is not recessed. Totally enclosed recessed fixtures (for example, a ceiling can light with a cover over the bulb) create temperatures that are too high to allow the use of a compact fluorescent bulb.
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Can I use a CFL bulb outside?Many CFL bulbs can be used outdoors if used in an enclosed fixture. To be certain, look for the package or bulb to say that it can be used outdoors and verify the lowest operating temperature for the area where the product is being used.
Related information: My outdoor light has a timer. Can I use a CFL bulb?
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Can I use a CFL in any position?Yes, GE screwbase CFL bulbs can be used in any operating position unless there is text printed on the lamp or packaging that indicates a required operating position.
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Can I use a CFL in applications involving vibration such as a ceiling fan or garage door opener?Generally it is not recommended to use CFLs in vibrating environments. Vibration can cause the electronics in the CFL to fail. There is one CFL bulb (FLE11) that is available for use in a ceiling fan. Check the package for this application.
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Can compact fluorescent bulbs create interference with electronic equipment, such as radios?Many electronic devices, such as radios, televisions, wireless telephones, and remote controls, use infrared light to transmit signals. Infrequently, these types of electronic devices accidentally interpret the infrared light coming from a compact fluorescent bulb as a signal, causing the electronic device to temporarily malfunction or stop working. (For example, your television might suddenly change channels.) Fortunately, this only happens when light is produced at the same wavelength as the electronic device signals, which is rare.
To reduce the chance of interference, avoid placing compact fluorescent bulbs near these kinds of electronic devices. If interference occurs, move the bulb away from the electronic device, or plug either the light fixture or the electronic device into a different outlet.
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Can I use a compact fluorescent light bulb with an electronic timer or photocell (AKA electric eye)?Some electronic timers and photocells contain parts that are incompatible with compact fluorescent light bulbs; using these bulbs in incompatible products will result in a shorter light bulb life. To find out if an electronic timer or photocell is compatible with compact fluorescent bulbs, check with the manufacturer of the timer or photocell.
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Does the EPA recommend the use of CFL bulbs?Yes. CFLs, when compared with standard incandescent bulbs, offer many benefits. First, they help save energy and money. They use 2/3 less energy than standard incandescent light bulbs, and last up to 10 times longer. Replacing a 60-watt incandescent with a 13-watt CFL can save you at least $30 in energy costs over the life of the bulb. Second, CFLs offer convenience, because they last longer, and come in different sizes and shapes to fit almost any fixture. In addition, CFLs produce about 70% less heat than standard incandescent bulbs, so they're safer to operate and can help cut energy costs associated with home cooling. When shopping, always look for ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs.
Download the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) faq sheet on CFLs. (PDF, 70 KB)
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Is it true that CFLs contain mercury? Why and how much?CFLs contain a very small amount of mercury sealed within the glass tubing - an average of 5 milligrams (roughly equivalent to the tip of a ball-point pen). Mercury is an essential, irreplaceable element in CFLs and is what allows the bulb to be an efficient light source. By comparison, older home thermometers contain 500 milligrams of mercury and many manual thermostats contain up to 3000 milligrams. It would take between 100 and 600 CFLs to equal those amounts.
There is currently no substitute for mercury in CFLs; however, manufacturers have taken significant steps to reduce mercury used in their fluorescent lighting products over the past decade.
Download the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) fact sheet on Mercury in CFLs. (PDF, 17 KB)
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Should I be concerned about using CFLs in my home or should I take any special precautions?CFLs are safe to use in your home. No mercury is released when the bulbs are in use and they pose no danger to you or your family when used properly. However, CFLs are made of glass tubing and can break if dropped or roughly handled. Be careful when removing the lamp from its packaging, installing it, or replacing it. Always screw and unscrew the lamp by its base, and never forcefully twist the CFL into a light socket by its tubes. Used CFLs should be disposed of properly, learn how to properly dispose.
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What do I do with a CFL when it burns out? What is the proper disposal of a CFL bulb?Follow these guidelines to dispose your CFL properly:
Like paint, batteries, thermostats, and other hazardous household items, CFLs should be disposed of properly. Do not throw CFLs away in your household garbage if better disposal options exist. To find out what to do first check www.earth911.org (where you can find disposal options by using your zip code) or call 1-877-EARTH911 for local disposal options. Another option is to check directly with your local waste management agency for recycling options and disposal guidelines in your community. Additional information is available at www.lamprecycle.org. Finally, IKEA stores take back used CFLs, and other retailers are currently exploring take back programs.
If your local waste management agency offers no other disposal options except your household garbage, place the CFL in a plastic bag and seal it before putting it in the trash. If your waste agency incinerates its garbage, you should search a wider geographic area for proper disposal options. Never send a CFL or other mercury containing product to an incinerator.
ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs have a two-year warranty. If the bulb fails within the warranty period, return it to your retailer.
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What should I do if a CFL breaks?Because there is such a small amount of mercury in CFLs, your greatest risk if a bulb breaks is getting cut from glass shards. Research indicates that there is no immediate health risk to you or your family should a bulb break and it's cleaned up properly. You can minimize any risks by following these proper clean-up and disposal guidelines:
Sweep up—don't vacuum—all of the glass fragments and fine particles.
Place broken pieces in a sealed plastic bag and wipe the area with a damp paper towel to pick up any stray shards of glass or fine particles. Put the used towel in the plastic bag as well.
If weather permits, open windows to allow the room to ventilate.
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What is mercury, what are the sources of mercury emissions, and what are the risks?Mercury is an element (Hg on the periodic table) found naturally in the environment. Mercury emissions in the air can come from both natural and man-made sources. Utility power plants (mainly coal-fired) are the primary man-made source, as mercury that naturally exists in coal is released into the air when coal is burned to make electricity. Coal-fired power generation accounts for roughly 40% of the mercury emissions in the U.S. EPA is implementing policies to reduce airborne mercury emissions. Under regulations issued in 2005, coal-fired power plants will need to reduce their emissions by 70 percent by 2018.
CFLs present an opportunity to prevent mercury emissions from entering the environment because they help to reduce emissions from coal-fired power plants. A coal-fired power plant will emit 13.6 milligrams of mercury to produce electricity required to use an incandescent light bulb, compared to 3.3 milligrams for a CFL.
Even in areas without significant coal-fired power generation as part of the electricity mix (e.g., Alaska and the Pacific Northwest), there are other, equally positive environmental impacts from saving energy through the use of CFLs: reduction of nitrogen oxides (which cause smog), and prevention of substantial quantities of CO2, a greenhouse gas (which is linked to global warming), as well as other air pollutants.
Airborne mercury poses a very low risk of exposure. However, when mercury emissions deposit into lakes and oceans, they can transform into methyl mercury that builds up in fish. Fish consumption is the most common pathway for human exposure to mercury. Pregnant women and young children are most vulnerable to the effects of this type of mercury exposure. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) estimates that most people are not exposed to harmful levels of mercury through fish consumption. However, the FDA and state agencies do issue public health advisories.
EPA offers additional information and resources on all sources of mercury at www.epa.gov/mercury.
> Return to Top
Do light bulbs (such as compact fluorescent bulbs) give off hazardous amounts of ultraviolet (UV) light?Regular fluorescent light bulbs used in your home and office do not produce a hazardous amount of ultraviolet light (UV). Most light sources, including fluorescent bulbs, emit a small amount of UV, but the UV produced by fluorescent light bulbs is far less than the amount produced by natural daylight. (Ultraviolet light rays are the light wavelengths that can cause sunburn and skin damage.)
Your safety is important to us; that's why, for all of our light bulbs designed for general public use, we strive to minimize the amount of UV light emitted.
If you're looking for a low-UV bulb for an especially sensitive area (like a photography dark room), try our Saf-T-Gard® bulbs. They block most ultraviolet light emissions, and they're also shatter-resistant.
> Return to Top
How much heat (or infrared radiation) is emitted by regular, halogen, and compact fluorescent light bulbs?Regular light bulbs, known as incandescent bulbs, create light by heating a filament inside the bulb; the heat makes the filament white-hot, producing the light that you see. Halogen light bulbs create light through the same method. Because incandescent and halogen bulbs create light through heat, about 90% of the energy they emit is in the form of heat (also called infrared radiation). To reduce the heat emitted by regular incandescent and halogen light bulbs, use a lower watt bulb (like 60 watts instead of 100).
Fluorescent light bulbs use an entirely different method to create light. Both compact fluorescent bulbs and fluorescent tubes contain a gas that, when excited by electricity, hits a coating inside the fluorescent bulb and emits light. (This makes them far more energy-efficient than regular incandescent bulbs.) The fluorescent bulbs used in your home emit only around 30% of the heat of their equivalent incandescent bulb, making them far cooler.
> Return to Top
What is the white powder I see inside my fluorescent bulb?The white powder that you see inside a fluorescent lamp is called phosphor, which is a substance that emits white, visible light whenever it absorbs light waves. Both compact fluorescent bulbs and fluorescent tubes contain a gas that gives off invisible light when excited by electricity. This invisible light travels to the phosphor coating on the bulb, where it is transformed into light visible to the human eye.
Wednesday, October 1, 2008
Clipsal C Bus Energy Management
Small Business Footprint
We can make it easy for small businesses (typically up to 15 employees) to take immediate and meaningful action on climate change. We do this by investing in renewable energy projects that effectively keep carbon in the ground.
We can calculate and offset greenhouse gas emissions generated by your daily business activities like electricity use, flights, car travel, waste and more.
By measuring and offsetting your company's 'carbon footprint', the sustainability of your small business will be grounded in real and measurable positive change.
The benefits of taking actions today
Take a leadership position on the issue of climate change - creating value for your business.
Have a competitive edge over other businesses that are not prepared for climate change.
Risk management to help your company's bottom line.
Better-prepare for a regulated carbon environment.
Communicate and promote your positive climate change action to key internal and external stakeholders.
Become a Climate Friendly business
By offsetting all of the greenhouse gas emissions associated with your business activities, your company will be acknowledged as a Climate Friendly Business.
You will be provided with a digital marketing kit which includes a certificate of recognition, a Climate Friendly Business logo as well as a communications template in order to promote your company's positive action against climate change.
Related Links:Corporate ServicesHome Office Calculator
We can make it easy for small businesses (typically up to 15 employees) to take immediate and meaningful action on climate change. We do this by investing in renewable energy projects that effectively keep carbon in the ground.
We can calculate and offset greenhouse gas emissions generated by your daily business activities like electricity use, flights, car travel, waste and more.
By measuring and offsetting your company's 'carbon footprint', the sustainability of your small business will be grounded in real and measurable positive change.
The benefits of taking actions today
Take a leadership position on the issue of climate change - creating value for your business.
Have a competitive edge over other businesses that are not prepared for climate change.
Risk management to help your company's bottom line.
Better-prepare for a regulated carbon environment.
Communicate and promote your positive climate change action to key internal and external stakeholders.
Become a Climate Friendly business
By offsetting all of the greenhouse gas emissions associated with your business activities, your company will be acknowledged as a Climate Friendly Business.
You will be provided with a digital marketing kit which includes a certificate of recognition, a Climate Friendly Business logo as well as a communications template in order to promote your company's positive action against climate change.
Related Links:Corporate ServicesHome Office Calculator
Monday, September 29, 2008
Lighting Control and Automation
Sep 10 2008 10:14AM
Johannesburg - Anglo American and Eskom have signed an agreement to guarantee the country's power supply, they said in a statement on Wednesday.
Under the memorandum of understanding (MOU), a strategic co-operation would be established to identify and implement solutions to guarantee the integrity of the electricity supply, they said.
"The MOU provides a framework for Anglo American and Eskom to co-operate on their respective future energy requirements, including energy provision and coal supplies."
The MOU also aimed to facilitate the optimisation of scarce resources; conceptualisation and implementation of energy efficiency programmes; skills development; sustainable development; and research and development initiatives, such as clean coal technologies and carbon sequestration potential.
"It is of critical importance that we play our part in addressing South Africa's energy challenge," said Anglo American chief executive Cynthia Carroll.
Anglo American was committed to working with Eskom to finding solutions to support the country's national energy needs, she said.
"This MOU will facilitate a co-ordinated approach to developing new and creative cost-effective solutions to serve and benefit the country and ensure consistent energy supply to the nation."
According to Eskom chief executive Jacob Maroga, the power utility had been working with Anglo American for some time "as part of the national response to the energy supply challenge.
"This MOU will provide a framework from which we can work together to optimise synergies, scarce resources and skills, and to secure and stabilise power generation and distribution," he said.
The news YOU choose.
Visit Laaik.it and add and rank the news you want. You get to be an editor.
Johannesburg - Anglo American and Eskom have signed an agreement to guarantee the country's power supply, they said in a statement on Wednesday.
Under the memorandum of understanding (MOU), a strategic co-operation would be established to identify and implement solutions to guarantee the integrity of the electricity supply, they said.
"The MOU provides a framework for Anglo American and Eskom to co-operate on their respective future energy requirements, including energy provision and coal supplies."
The MOU also aimed to facilitate the optimisation of scarce resources; conceptualisation and implementation of energy efficiency programmes; skills development; sustainable development; and research and development initiatives, such as clean coal technologies and carbon sequestration potential.
"It is of critical importance that we play our part in addressing South Africa's energy challenge," said Anglo American chief executive Cynthia Carroll.
Anglo American was committed to working with Eskom to finding solutions to support the country's national energy needs, she said.
"This MOU will facilitate a co-ordinated approach to developing new and creative cost-effective solutions to serve and benefit the country and ensure consistent energy supply to the nation."
According to Eskom chief executive Jacob Maroga, the power utility had been working with Anglo American for some time "as part of the national response to the energy supply challenge.
"This MOU will provide a framework from which we can work together to optimise synergies, scarce resources and skills, and to secure and stabilise power generation and distribution," he said.
The news YOU choose.
Visit Laaik.it and add and rank the news you want. You get to be an editor.
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